{"id":28,"date":"2024-04-25T12:54:47","date_gmt":"2024-04-25T12:54:47","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bucklingthinwalledstructures.webs.upv.es\/?page_id=28"},"modified":"2025-12-10T09:54:39","modified_gmt":"2025-12-10T09:54:39","slug":"2-thin-walled-resistance-class-1-2-3-4-internal-forces-n-vy-vz-b-my-mz-tt-tw-axial-shear-forces-bimoment-bending-moments-saint-venant-warping-torsion-elastic-p","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/bucklingthinwalledstructures.webs.upv.es\/?page_id=28","title":{"rendered":"2-Thin walled resistance Class 1, 2, 3 &amp; 4): Internal Forces [N, Vy, Vz, B, My, Mz, Tt, Tw] Axial &amp; Shear forces, Bimoment, Bending moments, Saint Venant &amp; warping Torsion. Elastic &amp; plastic. Local buckling (effective width). Normal, Shear &amp; Von Mises Stresses. Matlab Software."},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"has-vivid-purple-background-color has-background\"><br>Laboratorios virtuales:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Cada laboratorio virtual tiene introducci\u00f3n, objetivos, instrucciones, conclusiones y ayuda.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><br>1-Sections open &amp; closed Class 1 to 4 (local buckling {effective width}) (different materials) N Vy Vz B My Mz Tt Tw (Class 4 works with 1 layer):<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/labmatlab-was.upv.es\/webapps\/home\/thinwallsectionmaterials_class4.html\">https:\/\/labmatlab-was.upv.es\/webapps\/home\/thinwallsectionmaterials_class4.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/labmatlab-was.upv.es\/webapps\/home\/thinwallsectionmaterials_class4_es.html\">https:\/\/labmatlab-was.upv.es\/webapps\/home\/thinwallsectionmaterials_class4_es.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\" src=\"https:\/\/bucklingthinwalledstructures.webs.upv.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/Formulas_3-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-75\" srcset=\"https:\/\/bucklingthinwalledstructures.webs.upv.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/Formulas_3-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/bucklingthinwalledstructures.webs.upv.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/Formulas_3-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/bucklingthinwalledstructures.webs.upv.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/Formulas_3-768x432.jpg 768w, https:\/\/bucklingthinwalledstructures.webs.upv.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/Formulas_3.jpg 1152w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/antonioagueroramonllin.blogs.upv.es\/files\/2023\/10\/IM2-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-126\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"596\" src=\"https:\/\/bucklingthinwalledstructures.webs.upv.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/Formulas_2a-1024x596.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-72\" srcset=\"https:\/\/bucklingthinwalledstructures.webs.upv.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/Formulas_2a-1024x596.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/bucklingthinwalledstructures.webs.upv.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/Formulas_2a-300x175.jpg 300w, https:\/\/bucklingthinwalledstructures.webs.upv.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/Formulas_2a-768x447.jpg 768w, https:\/\/bucklingthinwalledstructures.webs.upv.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/Formulas_2a.jpg 1159w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\" src=\"https:\/\/bucklingthinwalledstructures.webs.upv.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/Formulas_2b-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-73\" srcset=\"https:\/\/bucklingthinwalledstructures.webs.upv.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/Formulas_2b-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/bucklingthinwalledstructures.webs.upv.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/Formulas_2b-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/bucklingthinwalledstructures.webs.upv.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/Formulas_2b-768x432.jpg 768w, https:\/\/bucklingthinwalledstructures.webs.upv.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/Formulas_2b.jpg 1152w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>2-Sections open &amp; closed Class 1 to 3 (different materials E, G, fc &amp; ft) N Vy Vz B My Mz Tt Tw. Figure below node &amp; element definition in example by default:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/labmatlab-was.upv.es\/webapps\/home\/thinwallsectionmaterials.html\">https:\/\/labmatlab-was.upv.es\/webapps\/home\/thinwallsectionmaterials.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/labmatlab-was.upv.es\/webapps\/home\/thinwallsectionmaterials_es.html\">https:\/\/labmatlab-was.upv.es\/webapps\/home\/thinwallsectionmaterials_es.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/antonioagueroramonllin.blogs.upv.es\/files\/2023\/10\/seccion_abierta-1.gif\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-277\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>3.1-Sections open &amp; closed Class 1 to 3 N Vy Vz B My Mz Tt Tw. Figure below node &amp; element definition in example by default::<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/labmatlab-was.upv.es\/webapps\/home\/thinwallsectiongeneral.html\">https:\/\/labmatlab-was.upv.es\/webapps\/home\/thinwallsectiongeneral.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/labmatlab-was.upv.es\/webapps\/home\/thinwallsectiongeneral_es.html\">https:\/\/labmatlab-was.upv.es\/webapps\/home\/thinwallsectiongeneral_es.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>3.2 Thin wall section elastic &amp; plastic:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/labmatlab-was.upv.es\/webapps\/home\/thinwallsectionelasticplastic.html\">https:\/\/labmatlab-was.upv.es\/webapps\/home\/thinwallsectionelasticplastic.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/antonioagueroramonllin.blogs.upv.es\/files\/2023\/10\/seccion_cerrada_3-celulas-1.gif\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-278\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>3.3 Thin wall section elastic plastic curve:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>3.3.1 Chain<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/labmatlab-was.upv.es\/webapps\/home\/Thin_wall_section_elastic_plastic_curve.html\">https:\/\/labmatlab-was.upv.es\/webapps\/home\/Thin_wall_section_elastic_plastic_curve.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>3.3.2 General<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/labmatlab-was.upv.es\/webapps\/home\/Thin_wall_section_elastic_plastic_curve_general.html\">https:\/\/labmatlab-was.upv.es\/webapps\/home\/Thin_wall_section_elastic_plastic_curve_general.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>3.3.3 General (including sections made up of different materials)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/labmatlab-was.upv.es\/webapps\/home\/Curved_thin_walled_section_elastic_and_plastics.html\">https:\/\/labmatlab-was.upv.es\/webapps\/home\/Curved_thin_walled_section_elastic_and_plastics.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>4-Sections open Class 1 to 3 N Vy Vz B My Mz Tw (Figure below The plastic stresses [blue &amp; yellow tension or compression] are for My, table on the right section properties):<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/labmatlab-was.upv.es\/webapps\/home\/thinwallsectionopen.html\">https:\/\/labmatlab-was.upv.es\/webapps\/home\/thinwallsectionopen.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/labmatlab-was.upv.es\/webapps\/home\/thinwallsectionopen_es.html\">https:\/\/labmatlab-was.upv.es\/webapps\/home\/thinwallsectionopen_es.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/antonioagueroramonllin.blogs.upv.es\/files\/2023\/10\/seccion_abierta-I-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-280\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>5-Sections open &amp; closed Class 1 to 3 N Vy Vz My Mz Tt (Suggested if Iw=0):<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/labmatlab-was.upv.es\/webapps\/home\/thinwallsectionopenclosed.html\">https:\/\/labmatlab-was.upv.es\/webapps\/home\/thinwallsectionopenclosed.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/labmatlab-was.upv.es\/webapps\/home\/thinwallsectionopenclosed_es.html\">https:\/\/labmatlab-was.upv.es\/webapps\/home\/thinwallsectionopenclosed_es.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>6-Sections open &amp; closed Class 1 to 3 N Vy Vz B My Mz Tt Tw. 4 section Shapes {I;U;Z;Box}:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/labmatlab-was.upv.es\/webapps\/home\/thinwallresopenclosed.html\">https:\/\/labmatlab-was.upv.es\/webapps\/home\/thinwallresopenclosed.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/labmatlab-was.upv.es\/webapps\/home\/thinwallresopenclosed_es.html\">https:\/\/labmatlab-was.upv.es\/webapps\/home\/thinwallresopenclosed_es.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>7-Sections open Class 1 to 3 N My Mz B:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/labmatlab-was.upv.es\/webapps\/home\/ThinWallResNMyMzB.html\">https:\/\/labmatlab-was.upv.es\/webapps\/home\/ThinWallResNMyMzB.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/labmatlab-was.upv.es\/webapps\/home\/ThinWallResNMyMzB_es.html\">https:\/\/labmatlab-was.upv.es\/webapps\/home\/ThinWallResNMyMzB_es.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>8-Sections open &amp; closed Class 1 to 3 N My Mz:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/labmatlab-was.upv.es\/webapps\/home\/ThinWallResNMyMz.html\">https:\/\/labmatlab-was.upv.es\/webapps\/home\/ThinWallResNMyMz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/labmatlab-was.upv.es\/webapps\/home\/ThinWallResNMyMz_es.html\">https:\/\/labmatlab-was.upv.es\/webapps\/home\/ThinWallResNMyMz_es.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>9-Sections open Class 1 to 3 N Vy Vz B My Mz Tt Tw. 3 section Shapes {I;U;Z} Further information in help:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/labmatlab-was.upv.es\/webapps\/home\/thinwallres.html\">https:\/\/labmatlab-was.upv.es\/webapps\/home\/thinwallres.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>10- Composites sections (for instance reinforced concrete or steel-concrete)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/labmatlab-was.upv.es\/webapps\/home\/sectionfibersNMyMz.html\">https:\/\/labmatlab-was.upv.es\/webapps\/home\/sectionfibersNMyMz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>11- Strain stress analysis. 3 Strain gages (Rosette)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/labmatlab-was.upv.es\/webapps\/home\/Strain_Gages.html\">https:\/\/labmatlab-was.upv.es\/webapps\/home\/Strain_Gages.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>12-Fire Resistance section with fibers NMyMz Composite (Steel &amp; concrete)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/labmatlab-was.upv.es\/webapps\/home\/Fire_resistance_section_with_fibers.html\">https:\/\/labmatlab-was.upv.es\/webapps\/home\/Fire_resistance_section_with_fibers.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-vivid-purple-background-color has-background\">Codigo fuente en:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/es.mathworks.com\/matlabcentral\/profile\/authors\/3792691\">https:\/\/es.mathworks.com\/matlabcentral\/profile\/authors\/3792691<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In mathworks different software of cross section optimization can be found using different algorithm.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/es.mathworks.com\/matlabcentral\/fileexchange\/122447-cross-section-optimization-general?s_tid=prof_contriblnk\">https:\/\/es.mathworks.com\/matlabcentral\/fileexchange\/122447-cross-section-optimization-general?s_tid=prof_contriblnk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-vivid-purple-background-color has-background\">articulos:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>New interaction formula for the plastic resistance of I- and H-sections under combinations of bending moments M<sub>y,Ed<\/sub>, M<sub>z,Ed<\/sub>&nbsp;and bimoment B<sub>Ed<\/sub>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.istruc.2020.11.059\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.istruc.2020.11.059<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>New interaction formula for plastic resistance of channel sections under combinations of bending moments M<sub>y,Ed<\/sub>, M<sub>z,Ed<\/sub>&nbsp;and bimoment B<sub>Ed<\/sub>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.istruc.2022.08.038\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.istruc.2022.08.038<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>New Interaction Formulae for Plastic Resistances of Z-Sections under Combinations of Bending Moments M<sub>y,Ed<\/sub>, M<sub>z,Ed<\/sub>&nbsp;and Bimoment B<sub>Ed<\/sub><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/buildings13071778\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/buildings13071778<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Improved Interaction Formula for the Plastic Resistance of I- and H-Sections under a Combination of Bending Moments&nbsp;<em>M<\/em><sub>y,Ed<\/sub>,&nbsp;<em>M<\/em><sub>z,Ed<\/sub>, and Bimoment&nbsp;<em>B<\/em><sub>Ed<\/sub><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/app12157888\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/app12157888<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Elastic and Plastic Resistance of Thin Walled HVH Sections<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/5.0170340\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/5.0170340<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Plastic design of metal thin walled cross sections of any shape under any combination of internal forces<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.preprints.org\/manuscript\/202409.0512\/v1\">https:\/\/www.preprints.org\/manuscript\/202409.0512\/v1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-vivid-purple-background-color has-background\">Results laboratorios viruales (examples)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Plastic Interaction diagram for U section:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/antonioagueroramonllin.blogs.upv.es\/files\/2023\/10\/IM3.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-45\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Plastic Interaction diagram for I section, different profiles:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/antonioagueroramonllin.blogs.upv.es\/files\/2023\/10\/HEB_N_0.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-260\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Plastic Interaction diagram for Z section, different profiles:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/antonioagueroramonllin.blogs.upv.es\/files\/2023\/10\/Interaction-My-Mz-B-N00-Z-sections_W640.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-263\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Normal stresses for example due to My software Thinwallsection open:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/antonioagueroramonllin.blogs.upv.es\/files\/2023\/10\/seccion_abierta-I-sigma-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-284\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Shear stresses for example due to Vz software Thinwallsection open:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/antonioagueroramonllin.blogs.upv.es\/files\/2023\/10\/seccion_abierta-I-tau-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-285\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Von Mises stresses for example due to Vz + My software Thinwallsection open:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/antonioagueroramonllin.blogs.upv.es\/files\/2023\/10\/seccion_abierta-I-Von-Mises-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-286\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Plastic interaction diagram {N,My,Mz other internal forces in this case=0} software Thinwallsection open:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/antonioagueroramonllin.blogs.upv.es\/files\/2023\/10\/seccion_abierta-I-NMyMz-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-287\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Class 4 section example under My. The sections properties are obtained for the gross &amp; effective section. In the figure below you can see the section, the stresses in gross section and in the effective section. If several materials are used the sections properties are obtained taking as reference material of element 1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/antonioagueroramonllin.blogs.upv.es\/files\/2023\/10\/C4-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-302\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Example closed section:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Plot Shear stresses due to shear force Vz in 3D below, the plot can be rotated to improve the view:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/antonioagueroramonllin.blogs.upv.es\/files\/2023\/10\/Im1.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-358\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Plot normal stresses due to Bimoment (B):<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/antonioagueroramonllin.blogs.upv.es\/files\/2023\/10\/Im2.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-359\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Plot shear stresses due to warping torsion (Tw):<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/antonioagueroramonllin.blogs.upv.es\/files\/2023\/10\/Im3.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-360\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Plot of plastic stresses due to a Bimoment (B) (blue &amp; yellow, tension or compresssion):<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/antonioagueroramonllin.blogs.upv.es\/files\/2023\/10\/Im4.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-361\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Section properties closed section:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Iy = 1848945.156 Iz = 13236887.149 Iyz = 0.000 Imax = 13236887.149 Imin = 1848945.156 angle = 0.000 Iw = 1041230410.240 J = 145712.334 ySC = 50.000 zSC = 52.756 yG = 50.000 zG = 63.658<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Another example of open section:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Plot shear stresses due to warping torsion (Tw):<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/antonioagueroramonllin.blogs.upv.es\/files\/2023\/10\/Im7.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-364\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>PLot normal stresses due to Bimoment (B):<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/antonioagueroramonllin.blogs.upv.es\/files\/2023\/10\/Im6.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-363\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Plot of plastic stresses due to a Bimoment (B) (blue &amp; yellow, tension or compresssion):<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/antonioagueroramonllin.blogs.upv.es\/files\/2023\/10\/ImB.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-366\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Section properfties open section:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Iy = 164131.579 Iz = 177934.211 Iyz = -67855.263 Imax = 239238.209 Imin = 102827.580 angle = -0.735 Iw = 92582163.465 J = 228.750 ySC = 50.565 zSC = 48.632 yG = 38.947 zG = 6.316<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Examples asymmetrical open section &amp; symmetrical closed section. Normal &amp; shear stresses due to N, Vy,Vz,My,Mz,B,Tt,Tw.<video controls=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/antonioagueroramonllin.blogs.upv.es\/files\/2023\/10\/company_story-1080p-1-1.mp4\"><\/video><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Examples of Class 4 sections stresses effective &amp; gross section. Different materials elastic section properties{E,G} &amp; strength {fc,ft}.<video controls=\"\" src=\"http:\/\/antonioagueroramonllin.blogs.upv.es\/files\/2023\/10\/company_story-1080p-2.mp4\"><\/video><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Laboratorios virtuales: Cada laboratorio virtual tiene introducci\u00f3n, objetivos, instrucciones, conclusiones y ayuda. 1-Sections open &amp; closed Class 1 to 4 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-28","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v24.2 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>2-Thin walled resistance Class 1, 2, 3 &amp; 4): Internal Forces [N, Vy, Vz, B, My, Mz, Tt, Tw] Axial &amp; Shear forces, Bimoment, Bending moments, Saint Venant &amp; warping Torsion. 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